Abstract On January 20th, the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China issued anti-dumping and counter-subsidy final rulings on polysilicon produced in the United States and South Korea, involving an amount of nearly 2.6 billion US dollars. At this point, the “double-reverse investigation†of the US and South Korea polysilicon that has lasted for nearly two years has settled, and the domestic shake...
On January 20th, the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China issued anti-dumping and counter-subsidy final rulings on polysilicon produced in the United States and South Korea, involving an amount of nearly 2.6 billion US dollars. At this point, the “double-reverse investigation†of the US and South Korea polysilicon that has lasted for nearly two years has settled, and the domestically faltering polysilicon enterprises are temporarily relieved. However, Lu Wei, Secretary-General of China's Polysilicon Industry Technology Innovation Strategy Alliance and Director of the Economic and Technical Management Department of China Electronic Materials Industry Association, clearly realized that “double-reverse†is not a panacea. Only product quality and cost control are internationally competitive. The polysilicon industry has broken the key to foreign blockades and international standards.
“Five years ago, the market price of polysilicon was up to 500 US dollars per kilogram, and now it can be bought at 25 US dollars.†In just 10 years, Lu Wei experienced the changes of China's polysilicon industry: from small-scale production of 100 tons. It has developed into a large-scale mature production stage of more than 10,000 tons; from the monopoly of foreign technology, market and price, the scarcity of raw materials, to the capture of technological highlands, it has become the world's largest polysilicon producer.
Roller coaster development
Polysilicon materials are the raw materials for semiconductor integrated circuits and solar photovoltaic cells, and are at the forefront of the information industry and the renewable energy industry chain. The biggest contribution of polysilicon is that it has been praised by the industry as “decreasing the price of solar cells around the worldâ€, thus lowering the price of solar power, which has a profound impact on global energy conservation and emission reduction.
"The past ten years have been the golden period for the development of the domestic polysilicon industry, especially in the past five years." Lu Wei told the Science and Technology Daily reporter that in July 2011, the Ministry of Science and Technology organized the "12th Five-Year" National Science and Technology Support Program "Efficient The project implementation of the key technology research on large-scale clean production of energy-saving polysilicon has entered a major breakthrough stage.
In fact, the development of polysilicon in China began in the 1950s and 1960s. There were 30 companies in China that did research and development of polysilicon for semiconductors, and synchronized with global development. In the 1980s, these polysilicon companies lost market due to the lack of scale and rapid technological advancement in the downstream industries of domestic integrated circuits.
After entering 2000, the development of the polysilicon industry has become more relevant to the photovoltaic industry. In 2002, the domestic construction of the photovoltaic industry began. Affected by changes in the international PV market, the polysilicon industry experienced the “bubble period†of rapid development from 2005 to 2008, and also passed the “downturn†after the 2008-2009 financial crisis. From 2010 to 2011, with the further fluctuation of the global photovoltaic industry, China's polysilicon industry and market are in a mature stage of adjustment.
Lu Hao still remembers that the global polysilicon industry in 2011 was like rolling on a roller coaster: in the first half of the year, the mainstream price of polysilicon floated at $90/kg. With the impact of the European debt crisis, European countries have reduced subsidies for solar energy. In November, polysilicon prices fell below $30/kg.
“Last year, more than 85% of domestic polysilicon production enterprises have stopped production, and the shadow of losses has enveloped most enterprises.†In the eyes of Lu Xun, the plight of the polysilicon industry is inseparable from the downstream development. As one of the major markets downstream of polysilicon, the photovoltaic industry is in the cold winter. In addition, there are low-cost dumping of foreign companies.
Break through the international monopoly
Since the birth of China's polysilicon industry in the 1950s, from technology to market to price, the enormous challenges from the international are in full play.
Ten years ago, the advanced technology of polysilicon was concentrated in the United States, Japan and Germany, and it has always imposed a technical blockade and market monopoly on China. Due to the low technical level, small production scale, high product consumption and high production cost of the domestic polysilicon industry, market demand is all dependent on imports, and the development of information and new energy industries is seriously subject to people.
From 2005 to 2009, the domestic polysilicon downstream market experienced explosive growth. In the face of a frenetic market demand, enterprises can only import at a high price of several hundred dollars. "A foreign strategic agreement is a ten-year sign, and China's pricing is higher than the world's prevailing price." Lu Wei said that Suntech lost tens of millions of dollars in the same year, which was the price paid for the breach of contract after the polysilicon price was lowered during the agreement period.
In 2011, the key technology research and development of polysilicon was included in the “Twelfth Five-Year†National Science and Technology Support Plan. The project was organized and implemented by the Polysilicon Industry Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance. Luoyang Zhongsi High-Tech, Jiangsu Zhongneng Silicon Industry and Xinjiang Daquan Group jointly assumed the responsibility of Zhejiang University. Many universities and scientific research institutions such as Tianjin University and the Institute of Metals of the Chinese Academy of Sciences participated. A synergy between industry, academia and research, and the promotion of industrial technology level will be opened.
"In just three years, the focus has been on the large-scale improvement of the Siemens technology polysilicon low-cost production technology optimization integration, the physical process polysilicon generation low-cost new process and silane polysilicon industrialization preparation technology exploration, the formation of independent intellectual property rights of high-efficiency low-cost polysilicon Preparation technology and key technologies for energy-saving and emission-reducing full-cycle clean production." Lu Wei said that the comprehensive energy consumption of polysilicon production in the implementation of enterprises is reduced by more than 40% compared with the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", and the production cost is also reduced from 250 yuan / kg to 150 yuan / In kilograms, the cost of some advanced enterprises has been less than 120 yuan / kg.
Although the polysilicon industry broke through the overseas technology blockade and solidified the foundation of the photovoltaic industry, it was immediately affected by the low price dumping by the United States, South Korea and the European Union. "Foreign polysilicon has been dumped at a minimum price of 15 US dollars / kg, and their actual cost is also more than 20 US dollars / kg." Lu Wei said that China's solar cell production accounts for half of the world, when faced with market pressure, foreign companies must Maintaining its own share and wanting to kill Chinese companies in the initial stage of formation.
43 polysilicon plants were shut down in 37, and China's polysilicon industry suffered a total loss. The Ministry of Commerce immediately set up a "double opposition" to the United States and South Korea. "This shows that we have the technical strength and competitiveness to fight against them." Lu said bluntly, in the past few years, more than 95% of domestic PV products rely on exports to Europe and the United States, and relying heavily on external demand is a fatal injury to the development of the domestic PV industry chain. It is to accelerate the development of the domestic photovoltaic power generation market and transform China from the largest PV manufacturing country to the largest application country.
"Double high" history has already been turned over
In 2002, China's polysilicon production was only 50 tons; as of the end of 2013, China's annual output of polysilicon has exceeded 80,000 tons, accounting for 1/3 of the world's total output, doubled in 2010. Driven by the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†and “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†technology support plan, the production capacity in 2014 will exceed 150,000 tons.
In the face of foreign dumping, the sharp decline in product prices, and the general loss of production, the polysilicon industry has surrendered to the trend and handed over a proud transcript. However, in 2009, the Washington Post reported on the pollution of polysilicon in China, and many people remembered the “high pollution, high energy consumption†polysilicon.
The reckless memories restored the situation at the time: the price remained high, and at the same time, more than a dozen polysilicon projects were launched in China, and many of them were small factories with an annual output of only one or two hundred tons. "Most manufacturers only do purification and reduction, and the recycling of silicon tetrachloride is incapable of being able to take care of it. One ton of polysilicon produces 16 tons of silicon tetrachloride, which can only be transported away by enterprises."
Nowadays, after optimizing and improving the preparation process of polysilicon modified Siemens, it not only solves the problem of low-energy reduction furnace, high-efficiency purification, but also breaks through the key technologies of hydrogenation process and by-product recycling.
The emergence of key technologies for the thermal hydrogenation of silicon tetrachloride is well known for silicon tetrachloride which is not a contaminant itself. “Hydrogen treatment after tail gas recovery, in the process of full closed loop, the materials are recycled, which not only reduces emissions, but also increases the output of polysilicon.†In response to questions about high energy consumption, Lu Wei came up with data saying that 2008-2009 In the year, the production of 1 kg of polysilicon consumes 400 kWh. The current energy consumption is controlled within 100 kWh, which is lower than the energy consumption of traditional industry GDP.
The release of polysilicon production capacity has ended the era of profiteering, and the photovoltaic industry as an emerging industry, only to reduce costs can go to large-scale applications, this is the industry consensus.
"China's polysilicon industry has a predicament of overcapacity and insufficient quality capacity. On the one hand, the domestic polysilicon production capacity has reached 150,000 tons/year, and on the other hand, the polysilicon production capacity of less than 25 US dollars/kg is less than 100,000 tons." It is believed that actively cultivating the domestic market, strengthening the guidance of industrial norms, and possessing independent intellectual property rights and low-cost advanced production technologies are the sustainable development of China's polysilicon industry.
Self Closing Drain Valve,Bronze Self-Closing Water Drain Valve,Jis Marine Self-Closing Drain Valve,Bronze Self-Closing Drain Valve
Jiangsu Hida Marine Valve Co., Ltd , https://www.haidavalve.com