Blue and white porcelain, also known as white and blue porcelain, often referred to as blue and white, is one of the mainstream varieties of Chinese porcelain, belonging to underglaze porcelain. Blue-and-white porcelain is made of cobalt ore-containing cobalt ore, which is painted on the ceramic body, and then covered with a layer of transparent glaze, which is fired once by high-temperature reduction flame. The cobalt material is blue after firing, and has the characteristics of strong coloring power, bright color, high firing rate, and stable color. The original blue-and-white porcelain has been seen in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the mature blue-and-white porcelain appeared in the Hutian Kiln in Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty. The blue and white of the Ming Dynasty became the mainstream of porcelain. Qing Emperor Kangxi developed to the peak. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it also created a variety of blue-and-white flowers, peacock green glaze blue and white, bean green glaze blue and white, blue and white red color, yellow ground blue and green, and glazed blue and white.
Development History:
Tang Qinghua
The blue and white porcelain of the Tang Dynasty was in the infancy of blue and white porcelain. The specimens we can see include more than 20 pieces of blue-and-white porcelain pieces unearthed in Yangzhou in the 1970s and 1980s; a blue-and-white stripe collection in the Feng Pingshan Museum in Hong Kong; a floral-patterned bowl in the Boston Museum of the United States; Copenhagen Museum Collection in Denmark A fish algae can; a collection of colored plum blossoms covered by the Nanjing Museum. Through the study of the tires, glaze and color of the porcelain pieces unearthed in Yangzhou, and the analysis of the material and technical conditions of the Gongxian kiln in the Tang Dynasty, it was preliminarily determined that the origin of Tang Qinghua was the Gongxian kiln in Henan. In recent years, a small amount of blue-and-white porcelain specimens have been unearthed at the kiln site of Gongxian County, which further confirms that the origin of Tang Qinghua is in the Gongxian kiln in Henan.
Judging from the blue-and-white porcelain pieces unearthed in Yangzhou, the green color of the green material is rich, with crystal spots, and it is a low-manganese low-iron copper-copper-containing material. It should be a cobalt material imported from Central and Western Asia. The calf is thick and loose, showing a grayish gray color and poor sintering. The bottom glaze is yellow in color and the enamel is thick. Apply makeup soil between the glazes. The type is mainly small, with complex, bowl, can, lid and so on. In addition to the fish algae cans in the Copenhagen Museum of Denmark, the rest are all floral patterns. Among them, the flower and grass patterns are divided into two categories. One is the typical Chinese traditional flowers and plants. It is more common with small flowers such as carnation flowers and plum blossoms. The other is the combination of loose leaves and leaves in geometric shapes such as diamonds. Patterned ornamentation. From this point of view, combined with the place where Tang Qinghua was unearthed (Yangzhou is an important port in the Tang Dynasty), it can be proved that Tang Qinghua porcelain is mainly for export.
Song Qinghua
After the initial period, Tang Qinghua did not develop rapidly, but went down. So far, we can see more than ten pieces of porcelain unearthed from two Taki sites. First, in 1957, it was discovered in Jinsha Tataji, Longquan County, Zhejiang Province. A total of 13 pieces of blue-and-white bowls were unearthed. On the tower brick of the tower, there is the absolute second year of the Northern Song Dynasty "Tai Ping Xingguo two years" (977 years); the other is in 1970 in the base of the Huanhuai Tower in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, a piece of blue and white bowl abdomen was unearthed. The tower monument unearthed in Tataji proves that the tower was built in the first year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1265).
These ten pieces of Song blue and white porcelain tiles are fragments of bowls. The fetus is thicker and thinner. The ornamentation has a chrysanthemum pattern, a circle pattern, a string pattern, a line pattern, and the like. The blue and white hair is thicker and blacker in the first place; the latter one is lighter. Those with darker hair color should be because the transparent glaze of the cover is too thin. Zhejiang itself has a rich cobalt mine, which should use local cobalt. They have no direct relationship with Tang Qinghua.
Yuan blue and white
The Palace Museum's Tibetan Blue and White Porcelain (8 photos) mature blue and white porcelain appeared in Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty. Because of the binary formula of “porcelain + kaolinâ€, the element of the blue-and-white porcelain has increased the Al2O3 content in the tire, and the firing temperature is increased, and the deformation rate during the roasting process is reduced. The carcass of most objects is also heavy and thick and full. The color of the tire is slightly gray and yellow, and the placenta is loose. The bottom glaze is divided into two types, white and white, with strong opacity. The green materials used include domestic and imported materials: domestically produced materials are high-manganese and low-iron type green materials, and the color is blue-green and grayish-black; the imported materials are low-manganese and high-iron type green materials, and the color is green and rich, with rust. mark. On some utensils, there are also cases where domestic and imported materials are used together. The main types include daily-use devices, feeders, and town tombs, especially in the bamboo period, high-foot cups, seated devices, and town tombs. In addition to the spring glaze of the jade pot, the other bottoms are unglazed at the bottom of the material, see Flint Red.
The most characteristic of Yuan Qinghua's ornamentation is that the composition is full and the layers are not chaotic. The brushwork is more common with a single point, smooth and powerful; the sketching is thick and sturdy. The theme of the theme is characters, animals, plants, poems and so on. The characters include Coats Map (four love maps), historical figures, etc.; animals include dragons and phoenixes, unicorns, dragonflies, fish, etc.; plants commonly have peony, lotus, orchid, sylvestris, ganoderma lucidum, mosaic, melon and fruit; poetry Rare. The petals of the painted peony are mostly white; the dragon pattern is small head, thin neck, long body, three claws or four claws, the back ridge, and the scales are mostly grid-like, which is strong and fierce. The auxiliary patterns are mostly grass, lotus petals, ancient money, sea water, crepe, clouds, banana leaves and so on. The shape of the lotus petal is similar to the "braces". The lotus petals are often painted with Taobao treasures; the wishful moire often draws the sea eight or the lotus, the tangled flowers, and the third-order cloud; the banana leaves are solid (filled with the green material) ); sea water is a combination of thick lines and thin lines.
Ming and Qing blue and white
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the period of blue-and-white porcelain reached its peak and declined. During the Ming Yongle and Xuande periods, it was a peak in the development of blue-and-white porcelain. It was famous for its beautiful production. During the Qing Emperor Kangxi, the blue-and-white porcelain was developed to the peak with “multicolored blue and white flowersâ€; after the Qing Emperor Qianlong, it gradually went into recession due to the development of pastel porcelain, although in the late Qing Dynasty ( Guangxu) Once ZTE, it was impossible to continue the prosperity of the Kangxi Dynasty. In general, the official kiln in this period was rigorous and exquisite; the folk kiln was free and free, and the picture was freehand. Beginning in the late Ming Dynasty, blue and white painting gradually absorbed some elements of Chinese painting techniques.
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